The spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) located in the midline between the sphenoid and occipital bones and considered the most important growth center in the cranial base because of its late ossification and contribution to post-natal cranial base growth. The SOS maturation stages are valid and reliable maxillary skeletal maturation indicators for three-dimensional maxillary growth in both genders. Moreover, the acceleration of growth occurred earlier in females than males regarding chronological age but not for SOS maturation stages. The growth curves showed high active growth of the maxilla as the SOS was still fusing (especially stage 2 and 3) than those of the fused (stage 4). On other hand, there may be lesser maxillary growth between SOS stages 3 and 4 for maxillary width, length (in males), and height. However, the mean difference in the maxillary width was higher between SOS stages 1 and 2 than those stages 2 and 3 and stages 3 and 4. The mean differences in the maxillary growth among the SOS maturation stages between SOS stages 2 and 3 were higher than those between stages 1and 2 and stages 3 and 4 for maxillary length and height in both genders. There was a statistically significant difference in maxillary measurements among SOS maturation stages in both genders ( P < 0.05). Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SOS scoring and three-dimensional cephalometric measurements were analyzed by Invivo 6.0.3 software. The SOS was evaluated using the four-stage scoring system completely open, partially fused, semi-fused, or completely fused. This is a cross-sectional study of a retrospective type in which cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 500 patients aged 6 to 25 years (226 males and 274 females) were analyzed. A 1998 report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA 1998) notes that the population of those aged 65 and older worldwide grew by about 9 million in 1998.This study aimed to three-dimensionally compare the maxillary growth among the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) maturation stages in both genders. For this reason, like class, gender, and race, growing old is a dimension of social stratification.
Growing old brings with it distinctive experiences and also significant disadvantages, including lower income and sometimes the experience of prejudice and discrimination, both in and beyond the workplace. It is, however, true that the chronological age is an index of the growing and developmental process that goes on in the biological, psychological and sociological dimensions, and, therefore, the chronological definition of what constitutes old age is useful for purposes of study. Growing old is a complex and gradual process having biological, psychological and social dimensions, which not only do not fully correspond with one another but also do not exactly coincide with one's chronological age. Gerontologists work in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, and sociology investigate not only how people change as they grow old but also the different ways in which societies around the world define old age. It is derived from the Greek word geron, meaning "old person. Gerontology is studying the aging and the elderly in the population. Ageing can be sociologically defined as the combination of biological, psychological and social processes that affect people, as they grow older. In fact, society organizes our lives in patterned ways that correspond to being a child, an adolescent, an adult, and an older person. Scientific Method in Sociological ResearchĪs we age, our lives change while changing the society too.Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness.India's Development Report Card vis-a-vis MDG.HIV/AIDS and Mobility in South Asia- UNDP Report 2010.UN Summit on Non- UN Report on Domestic Violence.UN Summit on Non- Communicable Diseases.
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